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A reconstruction technique in archaeology and conservation where a ruined monument or structure is carefully reassembled from its original fragments. New materials are added only where necessary to support the old pieces. Anastylosis aims to preserve as much of the original fabric as possible and is often used at sites like ancient temples or archways that have fallen apart over time.

Source: ICCROM, ICOMOS

The name refers to both an emblem and an organization dedicated to protecting cultural heritage during armed conflicts and disasters. The Blue Shield emblem (a blue and white shield) is the international symbol used to mark protected cultural property under the Hague Convention of 1954. The Blue Shield network (often called the cultural Red Cross) consists of committees and volunteers worldwide who work to safeguard museums, archives, monuments, and sites at risk from wars or natural catastrophes.

Source: UNESCO, Hague Convention, UNIDROIT, ICOM

The shared pool of memories and knowledge held by a group of people, often passed through generations. It shapes a community’s understanding of its past and identity, as seen in shared narratives, monuments, or commemorative events.

Source: ICCROM, UNESCO

An approach to urban heritage management that views historic cities not just as collections of monuments, but as living landscapes shaped by a layering of cultural and natural features. It emphasizes integrating heritage conservation with social and economic development in the entire urban context.

Source: UNESCO, ICOMOS

The International Council on Monuments and Sites, a non-governmental professional organization dedicated to the conservation of the world’s historic monuments and sites. Comprising heritage experts from around the globe, ICOMOS advises UNESCO on cultural World Heritage Site nominations and monitoring. It also develops charters and principles (like the Venice Charter) that set international standards for best practice in heritage conservation.

Source: UNESCO, Hague Convention, UNIDROIT, ICOM

Monument refers to cultural expressions, places, or objects valued for their historical, artistic, social, or spiritual meaning. It helps communities maintain identity and continuity while guiding protection and responsible use.

Source: UNESCO, ICOMOS

Upgrades made to historic buildings or monuments to improve their structural performance during earthquakes. Techniques for seismic retrofitting include installing reinforcement (like steel rods, braces, or base isolators), strengthening connections between walls and floors, or using newer materials like fiber wraps on masonry. The challenge is to enhance safety and stability while also respecting the building’s historical fabric and appearance.

Source: ICCROM, ICOMOS